Short Non Coding Rnas Play The Rna And Represses The...

Abstract: MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs play main role in human diseases; it deregulates the RNA and represses the translation process by controlling gene expression. Some deregulated miRNAs express deferentially such as mir-125b, mir-145, mir-155, and mir-21 leads for partition between cancer and normal tissues. miRNAs expression with particular cancer biopathologic features in breast, such as tumor stage, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, vascular invasion, or proliferation index. Exiqon microarrays analysis revealed that the most of the miRNAs down regulated in hereditary breast cancer by comparing the normal and cancer tissues, and by using mechanism of tumor progression and also pathway enrichment analysis showed†¦show more content†¦Introduction: Mature miRNA binds to the target mRNA by base pairing and down regulates the expression by degrading mRNA or blocking translation. Mature miRNA are 19 to 25 nucleotides cleaved from Pre-miRNA contain 70 to 100-nucleotides in cytoplasm (Bartel DP 2004). miRNAs role in human cancer is occurred from deletion of 13q14 in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that contains mir-15a and mir-16-1 genes within the deletion region. These two genes were affected by chromosomal translocation and then down regulated in 50% to 60% of human CLL (Calin GA et al. 2002). Breast cancer (BR) is most common in woman, approximately one in forty women affected by breast cancer in very young (BCVY). This was occurred by HER2 over expression, lymph node invasion, an absence of hormone receptor (HR) expression, and larger and poorly differentiated tumors present (Anders CK et al. 2011). Molecular markers are identified by miRNA expression profiling regarding BR. Molecular markers, such as miR-21, miR-9, miR-205, miR-7, miR-200 family, miR-335 and miR-126, which associate with proliferative capacity, high metastatic, poor prognosis and large size of tumors (Shimono Y et al. 2009). In hereditary breast cancers, down regulated miRNAs are occurred by KRAS oncogene. Deregulation and down regulation of let-7 of some miRNAs in genomic regions leads to human cancer diseases. Initiation, metastasis,

Mentor New Leaders Within Your Organization - 1466 Words

As a leader, it is important to mentor new leaders within your organization. Encouraging confidence in the new leaders will help establish competence in their field. Competence can also be achieved when an education has been invested in the new leader’s future. With the new knowledge of skills and education, the new leader will feel self-confident in the leadership position. After the establishment of self-confidence, the mentoring of the new leader must continue to set a precedent of continued support. The continued support will further strengthen the new leaders in their capabilities. Encourage Confidence in New Leaders Common causes that can contribute to a new leader feeling inadequate include, a lack of resources and lack of knowledge to feel confident in their new position. These concerns could lead to feeling overwhelmed and could sabotage the performance of the new leader. Unfortunately, when resources are available, but the leader still lacks the self-confidence to take advantage the same problem will occur. Kouzes (2012) explains â€Å"[d]eveloping competence and building confidence are essential to delivering on the organization’s promises and maintaining the credibility of leaders and team members alike.† For a company to exhibit exemplary performance an investment in the quality of leaders and staff must be executed. The term â€Å"co-active leader in front† is defined as a leader that nurtures relationships with their subordinates (Kimsey-House Show MoreRelatedEssay on Mentors Case Study913 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness 318 Case Study 3 Generation Gap: Mentors and Protà ©gà ©s (Chap 13 ) pg 442 1. I believe in order for a mentor program to be successful there should be a formal type of structure with support from all levels of management. 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Although the mutual goal of coaching is helping individuals to do their best by maximizing their performance, there are four different routes that can lead to this goal: Tutoring, Mentoring, Confronting, and High Performance Coaching.  Literature Review Tutoring Tutoring is a process by which an individual (a manager or a leader for our purposes) educates another individual (anRead MoreModule 7 : Leadership Development1528 Words   |  7 PagesDEVELOPMENT Leader development and leadership development is important from both a personal and an organizational aspect. (Hackman Johnson, 2013) states that, â€Å"Leader development promotes personal growth† and â€Å"Leadership development promotes organizational growth†. Leader development is an ongoing process that continues throughout life. Because leadership skills can be learned and/or developed, as you take on different leadership roles and other leadership opportunities your leadership skillsRead MoreThe Importance Of Being An Effective Manager842 Words   |  4 Pagesmanager to act as a mentor, when doing this it is essential to be accessible, approachable and interact with your employees on a consistent basis; reaffirming that their efforts do not go unnoticed. Establishing such a foundation ensures that employees take ownership and pride in their work, reducing the likelihood of low employee engagement. Employee engagement is directly correlated to productivity; when employees feel undervalued, they begin to withdraw their efforts. 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Perception as a Defining Factor in Our Lives Essay Example For Students

Perception as a Defining Factor in Our Lives Essay Perception is a defining factor in all of our lives. Perception affects the way every action, choice, and decision we make is perceived. Though societal influences perception can be shaped based upon bias. The world is filled with it religious, political, sexual, and gender bias just to name a few. It is because of these biases that peoples perception is narrowed and what is deemed as â€Å"civilized† or the â€Å"right† thing to do may not always be one hundred percent true. In the book Walden by Henry David Thoreau we see a man who has looked past social norms and blazed his own path towards individual enlightenment. This is again illustrated in Lars Eighner’s essay, On Dumpster Diving. Here we see an individual that practices something that most of us would deem unsafe and weird behavior and then again our perceptions of what is correct behavior come into play. Both of these pieces illustrate that there are things that we perceive in our daily lives that may not be as concrete as we think that they are. In Lars Eighners essay we learn that Eighner has had a fascination with dumpsters and when he fell on hard times he turned to them as a source of sustenance. In his essay he explains the logistics of how to survive and how to even eat out of dumpsters. This challenges conventional wisdom and perception of what is an acceptable way of supporting yourself. In the piece it is stated that you can find a lot things in dumpsters. Many things are carelessly discarded while they are still good and useful. Food, clothing, electronics, etc. are some of the things that can be found in dumpsters. These dumpsters act as a window into the lives of many. By understanding what they throw away a intelligent â€Å"scavenger† can piece together what is happen. . not being spent on something of real importance. Both works share one come theme of social perceptions causing the waste of valuable commodities. RuPaul once said, â€Å"Were born naked; and the rest is drag†. This illustrates how social perceptions can color our thought process much like Thoreau and Eighner were illustrating in their works. The duo believed that waste stemmed from social perceptions. If something was perceived as a waste it was cast off. If something was perceived as unimportant it was cast off. If something was perceived as odd or not fitting in it was cast off without a second glance. Waste stems from perceived truths and it is these perceived truths that are the lie. Perception is something that shapes our world and drives our culture. Thoreau and Eighner were trying to explain in their works that waste is not useful because we perceive it that way.

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

Introduction The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) explains that â€Å"each year, traumatic brain injuries contribute a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability† (p. 1). There is a myriad of factors that cause traumatic brain injuries (TBI) but the main causes are violence and road traffic accidents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These incidents usually cause anatomical and physiological changes in brain functions thereby causing permanent or temporary changes to the mental system (which may manifest in lifestyle and behavioural changes). Annually, about 21,000 people are treated in Australia for TBI while cases attributed to road accidents are estimated to be about 33% of this population (Rushworth, 2008). The cumulative healthcare cost for the treatment and specialised care of TBI patient s is estimated to be about $180 million (Brain Injury Australia, 2010). By any standard, such figures are high and there is a need to improve the efficiency of treatment and specialised care plans to reduce the health burden that TBI patients have on the Australian healthcare system. From this background, this paper analyses the influences of socio-cultural and psychological factors on patient recovery of TBI. Traumatic Brain injuries after Accidents for Young Adults in Australia This paper has already established that traumatic brain injuries are often caused by road accidents or violence. In Australia, about two-thirds of the total patient population admitted to be suffering from severe or extreme forms of TBI are usually victims of road accidents.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Violence and falls constitute the second most probable cause of TBI-related complications. Majori ty of patients admitted because of TBI related complications are usually young adults aged from 15 years to 25 years (some researchers and medical journals explain that the incidence of TBI among young adults stretch to males aged up to 35 years) (Khan, 2003). The incidence of TBI among young adults is explained to be higher within the male gender because of their high probability to take dangerous risks. The male to female ratio for patients admitted with TBI-related complications in Australia is reported at 4:1 (conservative estimates put this ratio at 3:1) (Khan, 2003). However, such statistics are also true for other regions apart from Australia. Most of the patients admitted usually suffer from short-term loss of memory, and â€Å"life-long impairments in physical, cognitive, behavioural and social functions† (Khan, 2003, p. 1). At worst, these patients die. Factors Influencing the Recovery of TBI Patients Socio-cultural factors Some of the most common socio-cultural fac tors influencing the recovery of TBI patients centre on the role of family and friends in the healing process, education and prevention programs, how the patients cope with their new â€Å"condition† when returning to work and the economic impact that TBI have on patients. Families and Friends Like most long-term illnesses, the recovery process for TBI patients is often influenced by socio-cultural factors such as the input of family and friends. Probably, the most notable contribution of family and friends in a patient’s recovery process is the emotional stability of the patients. Patients with a strong family support are confirmed to be more emotionally stable and suffer a low probability of experiencing depression (Julie et al., 2009). However, family and friend support during TBI patient recovery process is usually complicated by ignorance and misunderstandings which are often caused by a poor understanding of the behavioural impact that TBI has on its victims (Cla ssen et al., 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essentially, patients suffering from TBI exhibit poor behavioural and antisocial tendencies which may annoy family and friends (thereby creating rift between them). Such an eventuality only worsens the healing process for such patients because they lose the critical family and friend support needed for healing. It is therefore important to prepare family and friends for any anti-social behaviour that may be exhibited by the patients so that they continue to support the patient throughout the recovery process. Returning to Work Patients who have suffered from traumatic brain injuries are usually required to resume their normal duties (which often require them to go to work). Some patients usually struggle to resume their normal work duties because their basic bodily functions have not returned to their full potential. Notably, patients who have suffered from disability experience many difficulties when resuming their normal duties but researchers such as William et al. (2006) point out that the skill-levels of patients is usually the main cause of patient performance at work. Here, unqualified people tend to experience more difficulties returning to work while qualified people tend to have an easier time at this. Occasionally, the ease of difficulty in returning to work has an impact on the patient’s recovery process because the patient’s level of happiness is affected in the process. Patients who experience relative ease in returning to work are happier at the process than patients who have trouble at work. Happier patients tend to have a faster recovery process than unhappy patients (Sol Ibarra-Rovillard and Kuiper, 2011). Economic Effects Earlier sections of this study show that Australia’s healthcare burden is partly caused by the high t reatment and rehabilitation costs for patients with TBI.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, patients who have suffered from TBI experience huge healthcare bills which stretch from the primary treatment process into the late stages of a patient’s life. Unfortunately, these healthcare costs rise by the day and the economic implication of long-term treatment for TBI patients is significantly high. Nationally, Australia incurs in-excess of $184 million in treatment and rehabilitation processes for patients suffering from TBI-related complications (Harrison, Henley and Helps, 2008). Education and Prevention Programs Doctor NDTV Team (2009) explains that â€Å"prevention is better than cure† (p. 1). This is the main philosophy informing the introduction of education and prevention programs for the prevention of TBI. Indeed, many social organisations and institutions have embarked on serious education and prevention programs to prevent the occurrence of TBI in Australia (by educating young people on the dangers of road accidents, high speed driving and drunk en driving). Even young adults who have been licensed to drive are among the target audience because they constitute the main patient population for TBI (Menon et al., 2010). In the education and prevention programs, young people are encouraged to wear seat belts and helmets (for motorcycles) to prevent the severity of TBI injuries when accidents occur. Different countries have different structures for designing their prevention and education programs but some of the most notable proposals made to improve the effectiveness of these programs are to ensure driving licence renewal is subject to a thorough health analysis, and a frequent approval process. In Australia, such proposals have been voiced and high levels of efficacy in establishing education and prevention programs for TBI have been realised (Maria, 2008). Psychological Factors The most notable psychosocial factors influencing the recovery of TBI patients include substance abuse, depression, aggression and the lack of self c ontrol. They are discussed below Depression, Aggression and Lack of Self-Control Depression, aggression and the lack of self control manifest symptoms of patients who have suffered from TBI. Aggression and self control may be caused by depression but the lack of self control is usually a manifestation of the behavioural changes which victims of TBI exhibit (Silver et al., 2009). Researchers have always affirmed that depression, aggression and the lack of self control may cause a slow-down in the healing process and therefore, it is important for patients to be supported by healthcare providers and their families so that they do not fall victim to any of these symptoms (Khan, 2003). Substance Abuse Substance abuse often has a negative impact on the psychological development of patients. Patients suffering from TBI are not different because researchers such as Fary, Ian and Ian (2003) explain that substance abuse may lead to death. In the context of this study, alcohol abuse stands ou t as a conspicuous issue in TBI incidences because it is estimated that majority of all road traffic accidents are usually caused by alcohol abuse. In fact, global statistics show that about 30%-80% of all TBI road accidents are caused by drunken driving (Khan, 2003). It is from such statistics that this paper highlights the importance of prevention and education programs which are aimed at sensitising the youth against drunken driving. Earlier sections of this paper show that such programs have been carried out in Australia. Conclusion After weighing the findings of this paper, there is a strong indication that TBI stands out as a major health problem in Australia. Its importance is especially manifested by its high incidence among Australia’s most youthful and productive population who contribute immensely to the nation’s development (Shukla, Devi and Agrawal, 2011). There is therefore an urgent need to adopt sound treatment and rehabilitation processes to help TBI p atients have a quick recovery. This paper highlights the importance of socio-cultural and psychological support to achieve this objective. Such support structures are especially important in helping patients recover from extreme TBI but more importantly, it enables patients to exhibit normal behaviours and exude normalcy throughout their healing process. There are several ways that this objective can be achieved but this paper highlights the importance of good communication between patients and family members to improve their emotional stability and ultimately positively influence the patient’s recovery process. To avoid some of the economic implications for treating TBI cases, this paper highlights the importance of prevention and education programs as a way to reduce the high incidence of TBI cases in Australia. Psychosocial factors are also highlighted in this paper as possible influences in a patient’s recovery process from TBI but most importantly; this paper draw s more attention to the influence of alcohol abuse as a prime cause for road accidents, leading to TBI. Ultimately, it is important to embrace positive psychosocial and socio-cultural influences to improve patient recovery of TBI but in the same light, it is important to avoid negative psychosocial and socio-cultural influences that inhibit the same. References Brain Injury Australia. (2010). Annual report 2010. Web. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012).Traumatic Brain Injury. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/ Classen, S. S., Levy, C. C., McCarthy, D. D., Mann, W. C., Lanford, D. D., Waid-Ebbs, J. (2009). Traumatic brain injury and driving assessment: An evidence-based literature review. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy: Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 63(5), 580-591. Doctor NDTV Team. (2009). Prevention is better than cure. Web. Fary, K., Ian, J., B., Ian, D. C. (2003). Rehabilitation after tra umatic brain injury.  Rehabilitation Medicine, Med J Aust, 178(6), 290-295. Harrison, J., Henley, G., Helps, Y. (2008). Hospital separations due to traumatic  brain injury, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/hospital-separations-due-to-traumatic-brain-injury/contents/table-of-contents Julie, H., Rena, F., Jake, O. Raphael, G. (2009). Pilot study of the effect of the  Risk Australian Youth and Road Trauma Forum on year 11 high school students. Web. Khan, F. (2003). Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2003/178/6/4-rehabilitation-after-traumatic-brain-injury Maria, T., S. (2008). Driving, Aging, and Traumatic Brain Injury: Integrating Findings From the Literature. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(1), 18–27. Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., Maas, A. I. (2010). Position Statement: Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637-164 0. Rushworth, N. (2008). Brain injury Australia: children, young people and acquired  brain injury. Retrieved from https://www.braininjuryaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads//CHILDRENABIFaHCSIA300508.pdf Shukla, D., Devi, B. I., Agrawal, A. (2011). Outcome measures for traumatic brain injury. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 113(6), 435-441. Silver, Jonathan, M., McAllister, Thomas, W., Arciniegas, David, B. (2009).Depression a Cognitive Complaints Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. The  American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(6), p. 653. Sol Ibarra-Rovillard, M., Kuiper, A. N., (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, pp. 342–352. William, C., Walker, Jennifer, H. M., Jeffrey, S. K., Tessa, H., Thomas, A. N. (2006). Occupational Categories and Return to Work After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabili tation, 87(12), pp. 1576-1582. This essay on The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention was written and submitted by user Fernanda R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marketing and Pages Unit free essay sample

Unit 2: Resources (P5, P7, M3, D2, D1) Unit 2: Business Resources P5 Is The Business Profitable? The closing capitals for both years are very similar and propose that not only is the business very profitable but it is also maintaining its financial position within the market. 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Ità ¢ Premium 3493 Words 14 Pages Unit 1 Health and Social Care 1 Developing effective communication in health and social care LO1 Understand effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care contexts of communication forms of communication interpersonal interaction communication and language needs and preferences LO2 Unde Premium 16213 Words 65 Pages Unit 2 Assignment brief | Unit number and title | Unit 2 – Business Resources | Qualification | BTEC Level 3 Certificate, Subsidiary Diploma Diploma in Business | Start date | September 2010 | Deadline | December 2010 | Assessor | L.McNeill | CRITERIA COVERED | | | P4, P5, P6, P7 Premium 1441 Words 6 Pages Unit 4 Communication Assignment BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Business Unit Name and Number | Unit 4: Business Communication | Assignment No and Name | Business Communication Club | Student Name | | Assessment Criteria | AchievedYes/No | Evidence | P1 Explain different types of business information, their sources a Premium 1113 Words 5 Pages Business L2 Unit 12 1 As a research officer I’ve been asked to investigate four different types of organisations, their aims and objectives, the ownership size and market coverage. 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10 Common Sentence Mistakes in English

10 Common Sentence Mistakes in English Some mistakes are common when writing sentences in English. Each of these 10 common sentence mistakes provides correction information as well as links to more detailed information.   Incomplete Sentence or Sentence Fragment One common mistake many students make is the use of incomplete sentences. Each sentence in English must contain at least a subject and a verb, and should be an independent clause. Examples of incomplete sentences without a subject or a verb might include an instruction or a prepositional phrase. For example: Through the door.In the other room.Over there. These are phrases we may use in spoken English. These phrases shouldnt be used in written English as they are incomplete.   Sentence fragments caused by dependent clauses used without an independent clause are more common. Remember that subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses. In other words, if you use a subordinating clause beginning with a word such as because, though, if, etc. there must be an independent clause to complete the thought. This mistake is often made on tests asking a question with Why. For example: Because Tom is the boss. Since he left work early without permission.   These sentences might answer the question: Why did he lose his job? However, these are sentence fragments. The correct answer would be: He lost his job because Tom is the boss. He lost his job since he left work early without permission. Other examples of incomplete sentences introduced by subordinating clauses include: Even though he needs help. If they study enough. As they had invested in the company. Run-on Sentences Run-on sentences are sentences that: Are not connected by appropriate linking language such as conjunctions.Use too many clauses rather than using periods and linking language such as conjunctive adverbs. The first type leaves out a word - usually a conjunction - that is required to connect a dependent and independent clause. For example: The students did well on the test they didnt study very much. Anna needs a new car she spent the weekend visiting car dealerships. The first sentence should use either a conjunction but, or yet or a subordinating conjunction although, even though, or though to connect the sentence. In the second sentence, the conjunction so or the subordinating conjunction since, as, or because would connect the two clauses. The students did well, yet they didnt study very much. Anna spent the weekend visiting car dealerships since she needs a new car. Another common run on sentence occurs when using too many clauses. This often occurs using the word and. We went to the store and bought some fruit, and we went to the mall to get some clothes, and we had lunch at McDonalds, and we visited some friends.   The continuous chain of clauses using and should be avoided. In general, do not write sentences that contain more than three clauses to ensure that your sentences do not become run-on sentences. Duplicate Subjects Sometimes students use a pronoun as a duplicate subject. Remember that each clause takes only one sentence. If you have mentioned the subject of a sentence by name, there is no need to repeat with a pronoun. Example 1: Tom lives in Los Angeles. NOT Tom, he lives in Los Angeles. Example 2: The  students come from Vietnam. NOT The students they come from Vietnam. Incorrect Tense Tense usage is a common mistake in student writing. Make sure that the tense used corresponds to the situation. In other words, if you are speaking about something that happened in the past do not use include a tense that refers to the present. For example: They fly to visit their parents in Toronto last week. Alex bought a new car and drives it to her home in Los Angeles. Incorrect Verb Form Another common mistake is the use of an incorrect verb form when combining with another verb. Certain verbs in English take the infinitive and others take the gerund (ing form). Its important to learn these verb combinations. Also, when using the verb as a noun, use the gerund form of the verb. He hopes finding a new job. / Correct - He hopes to find a new job. Peter avoided to invest in the project. / Correct - Peter avoided investing in the project. Parallel Verb Form A related issue is the use of parallel verb forms when using a list of verbs. If you are writing in the present continuous tense, use the ing form in your list. If you are using the present perfect, use the past participle, etc. She enjoys watching TV, play tennis, and cook. / Correct - She enjoys watching TV, playing tennis, and cooking. Ive lived in Italy, working in Germany and study in New York. / Correct - Ive lived in Italy, worked in Germany, and studied in New York. Use of Time Clauses Time clauses are introduced by the time words when, before, after and so on. When speaking about the present or future use the present simple tense in time clauses. If using a past tense, we usually use the past simple in a time clause. Well visit you when we will come next week. / Correct - Well visit you when we come next week. She cooked dinner after he was arriving. / Correct - She cooked dinner after he arrived.   Subject-Verb Agreement Another common mistake is to use incorrect subject-verb agreement. The most common of these mistakes is the missing s in the present simple tense. However, there are other types of mistakes. Always look for these mistakes in the helping verb. Tom play guitar in a band. / Correct - Tom plays guitar in a band. They was sleeping when she telephoned. / Correct - They were sleeping when she telephoned.   Pronoun Agreement Pronoun agreement mistakes take place when using a pronoun to replace a proper noun. Often this mistake is a mistake of use of a singular form rather than a plural or vice versa. However, pronoun agreement mistakes can occur in object or possessive pronouns, as well as in subject pronouns. Tom works at a company in Hamburg. She loves his job. / Correct - Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job. Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. He thought they were very difficult. Correct - Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. They thought it was very difficult.   Missing Commas After Linking Language When using an introductory phrase as linking language such as a conjunctive adverb or sequencing word, use a comma after the phrase to continue the sentence. As a result children should start studying math as early as possible.  /  Correct -  As a result, children should start studying math as early as possible.

Impact Of Anthropogenic Climate Change On Environment Essay

Impact Of Anthropogenic Climate Change On Environment - Essay Example Both proponents and opponents of man-made causes of climate change appreciate the warming effect of greenhouse gases (68). These gases include methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Carnegie Mellon University further observes that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by between 10% and 30% from the start of the industrial revolution. These gases allow the sunlight into the Earth’s atmosphere and then trap a significant portion of this radiation, preventing the reflection of sun’s radiation back into space. This leads to a warming effect on the Earth thus the contribution of human activities to global warming. Secondly, scientists have been able to identify carbon-dioxide from human activities as the largest contributor to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thus attributing global warming to human activities. According to these scientists, the pre-industrialization period had the atmosphere contain only 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide. By 2010, this had increased to 390 parts per million. This additional 100 parts per million of carbon dioxide is what is attributed to human activities (Poortinga et al. 1017). To show that this extra carbon dioxide is from human activities, scientists use the fingerprinting technique. From this, it has been noted that natural carbon dioxide has some low portion of carbon-14. The lack of this carbon-14 isotope in the additional 100 parts per million of carbon dioxide attributes its source to human activities as opposed to natural factors. Finally, the proponents of man-made climate change give evidence against natural causes. This school of thought argues that if the current climate was following the natural trend, then, the Earth should have been cooling and not warming.